Browsing by Author "Medina Mora, María Elena"

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Addressing the burden of mental, neurological, and substance use disorders: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition
(Elsevier, 2016) Patel, Vikram; Chisholm, Dan; Parikh, Rachana; Charlson, Fiona J.; Degenhardt, Louisa; Dua, Tarun; Ferrari, Alize J.; Hyman, Steve; Laxminarayan, Ramanan; Levin, Carol; Lund, Crick; Medina Mora, María Elena; Petersen, Inge; Scott, James; Shidhaye, Rahul; Vijayakumar, Lakshmi; Thornicroft, Graham; Whiteford, Harvey; DCP MNS Author Group; Albanese, Emiliano; Barry, Margaret; Baxter, Amanda J.; Carli, Vladimir; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chisholm, Dan; Collins, Pamela Y.; Colson, Abigail; Degenhardt, Louisa; Dua, Tarun; Egbe, Cathrine O.; Erskine, Holly E.; Evans-Lacko, Sara; Feigin, Valery; Fekadu, Abebaw; Ferrari, Alize J.; Giannakopoulos, Panteleimon; Gronholm, Petra; Gunnell, David; Hall, Wayne D.; Hyman, Steve; Jernigan, David; Jette, Nathalie; Johansson, Kjell Arne; Laxminarayan, Ramanan; Levin, Carol; Linde, Mattias; Lund, Crick; Marsden, John; Medina-Mora, María Elena; Megiddo, Itamar; Megiddo, Itamar; Mihalopoulos, Catherine; Monteiro, Maristela; Nigam, Aditi; Parikh, Rachana; Patel, Vikram; Petersen, Inge; Phillips, Michael R.; Prince, Martin J.; Rahman, Atif; Raykar, Neha; Real, Tania; Rehm, Jürgen; Roberts, Jacqueline; Room, Robin; Sánchez-Moreno, Diego; Scott, James G.; Semrau, Maya; Shidhaye, Rahul; Silverman, Morton M.; Foundation, Jed; Steiner, Timothy J.; Stockings, Emily; Strand, Kirsten Bjerkreim; Strang, John; Thakur, Kiran T.; Thornicroft, Graham; Verguet, Stéphane; Vijayakumar, Lakshmi; Vos, Theo; Whiteford, Harvey; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk.
Association of alcohol-metabolizing genes with alcoholism in a Mexican Indian (Otomi) population
(Elsevier Science INC, 360 Park Ave South, New York, NY 10010-1710 USA, 2006) Montano Loza, Aldo J.; Ramírez Iglesias, María Teresa; Pérez Diaz, Iván; Cruz Castellanos, Socorro Cruz; García Andrade, Consuelo; Medina Mora, María Elena; Robles Díaz, Guillermo; Kershenobich, David; Gutiérrez Reyes, Gabriela; Inst Nacl Ciencias Med & Nutr, Dept Gastroenterol, Vasco Quiroga 15,Secc 26, Mexico City 14000, DF, Mexico.; montanoa@quetzal.innsz.mx
Childhood Predictors of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative
(Cambridge Univ. Press, 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473 USA, 2009) Lara, Carmen; Fayyad, John; De Graaf, Ron; Kessler, Ronald C.; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Angermeyer, Matthias; Demytteneare, Koen; De Girolamo, Giovanni; Haro, Josep Maria; Jin, Robert; Karam, Elie G.; Lepine, Jean-Pierre; Medina Mora, María Elena; Ormel, Johan; Posada-Villa, José; Sampson, Nancy; Inst Nacl Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente, Direcc Invest Epidemiol & Psicosociales, Mexico City 14370, DF, Mexico; laracan@imp.edu.mx
Background: Although it is known that childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood, childhood predictors of this persistence have not been widely studied. Methods: Childhood history of ADHD and adult ADHD were assessed in 10 countries in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Logistic regression analysis was used to study associations of retrospectively reported childhood risk factors with adult persistence among the 629 adult respondents with childhood ADHD. Risk factors included age; sex; childhood ADHD symptom profiles, severity, and treatment; comorbid child/adolescent DSM-IV disorders; childhood family adversities; and child/adolescent exposure to traumatic events. Results: An average of 50% of children with ADHD (range: 32.8%-84.1% across countries) continued to meet DSM-IV criteria for ADHD as adults. Persistence was strongly related to childhood ADHD symptom profile (highest persistence associated with the attentional plus impulsive-hyperactive type, odds ratio [OR] = 12.4, compared with the lowest associated with the impulsive-hyperactive type), symptom severity (OR = 2.0), comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD; OR = 2.2), high comorbidity (>= 3 child/adolescent disorders in addition to ADHD; OR = 1.7), paternal (but not maternal) anxiety mood disorder (OR = 2.4), and parental antisocial personality disorder (OR = 2.2). A multivariate risk profile of these variables significantly predicts persistence of ADHD into adulthood (area under the receiving operator characteristic curve = .76). Conclusions: A substantial proportion of children with ADHD continue to meet full criteria for ADHD as adults. A multivariate risk index comprising variables that can be assessed in adolescence predicts persistence with good accuracy.
Community-Based Mental Health Services in Mexico
(Eco-Vector LLC, 2021) Cordero-Oropeza, Martha; Berenzon, Shoshana; Robles, Rebeca; Real, Tania; Medina Mora, María Elena; Global Mental Health Research Center, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, National Institute of Psychiatry, Ciudad de México; metmmora@gmail.com (María Elena Medina-Mora)
Cross-National Associations Between Gender and Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
(Amer Medical Assoc, 515 N State ST, Chicago, IL 60610-0946 USA, 2009) Seedat, Soraya; Scott, Kate Margaret; Angermeyer, Matthias C.; Berglund, Patricia; Bromet, Evelyn J.; Brugha, Traolach S.; Demyttenaere, Koen; De Girolamo, Giovanni; Maria Haro, Josep; Jin, Robert; Karam, Elie G.; Kovess-Masfety, Viviane; Levinson, Daphna; Medina Mora, María Elena; Ono, Yutaka; Ormel, Johan; Pennell, Beth-Ellen; Posada-Villa, José; Sampson, Nancy A.; Williams, David; Kessler, Ronald C.; Harvard Univ, Dept Hlth Care Policy, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA; kessler@hcp.med.harvard.edu
Context: Gender differences in mental disorders, including more anxiety and mood disorders among women and more externalizing disorders among men, are found consistently in epidemiological surveys. The gender roles hypothesis suggests that these differences narrow as the roles of women and men become more equal. Objectives: To study time-space (cohort-country) variation in gender differences in lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders across cohorts in 15 countries in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative and to determine if this variation is significantly related to time-space variation in female gender role traditionality as measured by aggregate patterns of female education, employment, marital timing, and use of birth control. Design: Face-to-face household surveys. Setting: Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Pacific. Participants: Community-dwelling adults (N=72 933). Main Outcome Measures: The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime prevalence and age at onset of 18 DSM-IV anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance disorders. Survival analyses estimated time-space variation in female to male odds ratios of these disorders across cohorts defined by the following age ranges: 18 to 34, 35 to 49, 50 to 64, and 65 years and older. Structural equation analysis examined predictive effects of variation in gender role traditionality on these odds ratios. Results: In all cohorts and countries, women had more anxiety and mood disorders than men, and men had more externalizing and substance disorders than women. Although gender differences were generally consistent across cohorts, significant narrowing was found in recent cohorts for major depressive disorder and substance disorders. This narrowing was significantly related to temporal (major depressive disorder) and spatial (substance disorders) variation in gender role traditionality. Conclusions: While gender differences in most lifetime mental disorders were fairly stable over the time-space units studied, substantial intercohort narrowing of differences in major depression was found to be related to changes in the traditionality of female gender roles. Additional research is needed to understand why this temporal narrowing was confined to major depression.
Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode
(BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND, 2011) Bromet, Evelyn; Andrade, Laura Helena; Hwang, Irving; Sampson, Nancy A.; Alonso, Jordi; De Girolamo, Giovanni; De Graaf, Ron; Demyttenaere, Koen; Hu, Chiyi; Iwata, Noboru; Karam, Aimee N.; Kaur, Jagdish; Kostyuchenko, Stanislav; Lepine, Jean-Pierre; Levinson, Daphna; Matschinger, Herbert; Medina Mora, María Elena; Browne, Mark Oakley; Posada-Villa, José; Viana, María Carmen; Williams, David R.; Kessler, Ronald C.; SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Psychiat, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA; ebromet@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
Background: Major depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, yet epidemiologic data are not available for many countries, particularly low- to middle-income countries. In this paper, we present data on the prevalence, impairment and demographic correlates of depression from 18 high and low-to middle-income countries in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Methods: Major depressive episodes (MDE) as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DMS-IV) were evaluated in face-to-face interviews using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Data from 18 countries were analyzed in this report (n = 89,037). All countries surveyed representative, population-based samples of adults. Results: The average lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of DSM-IV MDE were 14.6% and 5.5% in the ten high-income and 11.1% and 5.9% in the eight low- to middle-income countries. The average age of onset ascertained retrospectively was 25.7 in the high-income and 24.0 in low- to middle-income countries. Functional impairment was associated with recency of MDE. The female: male ratio was about 2: 1. In high-income countries, younger age was associated with higher 12-month prevalence; by contrast, in several low-to middle-income countries, older age was associated with greater likelihood of MDE. The strongest demographic correlate in high-income countries was being separated from a partner, and in low- to middle-income countries, was being divorced or widowed. Conclusions: MDE is a significant public-health concern across all regions of the world and is strongly linked to social conditions. Future research is needed to investigate the combination of demographic risk factors that are most strongly associated with MDE in the specific countries included in the WMH.
Drogas: un reto para el ámbito educativo mexicano
(1998) Rosovsky, Haydeé; Medina Mora, María Elena
Early Cannabis Use and Estimated Risk of Later Onset of Depression Spells: Epidemiologic Evidence From the Population-based World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative
(Cary, NC : Oxford University Press, 2010) De Graaf, Ron; Radovanovic, Mirjana; van Laar, Margriet; Fairman, Brian; Degenhardt, Louisa; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Bruffaerts, Ronny; de Girolamo, Giovanni; Fayyad, John; Gureje, Oye; Maria Haro, María; Huang , Yueqin; Kostychenko, Stanislav; Lépine, Jean-Pierre; Matschinger, Herbert; Medina Mora, María Elena; Neumark , Yehuda; Ormel, Johan; Posada-Villa, Jose; Stein, Dan J.; Tachimori, Hisateru; Wells, J. Elisabeth; Anthony, James C.; Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction; rgraaf@trimbos.nl
Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones y Salud Mental : estado actual.
(1988) Tapia, Roberto; Sepúlveda, Jaime; Solache, Graciela; Lazcano, Federico; Medina Mora, María Elena; Otero, Blanca Rosa; Rascón, Ma. Luisa; Rojas, Estela; De la Serna, Janet; Mariño, María del Carmen; Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría, Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Tlalpan 14370, México, D.F.
Este trabajo tiene por objeto informar sobre el estado actual de las Encuestas Nacionales de Adicciones y Salud Mental, en las que participan el Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría y la Dirección General de Epidemiología de la Secretaría de Salud. La Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones forma parte de la línea de investigación epidemiológica, y tiene por objeto mantener un diagnóstico actualizado de este problema en México, respecto del consumo de tabaco, bebidas alcohólicas y otras sustancias psicoactivas. El estudio se hizo en los hogares de mexicanos y extranjeros cuyos miembros habitaran en viviendas ubicadas en zonas urbanas del territorio nacional. La unidad de selección fueron las viviendas regulares listadas en el marco muestral maestro de la Secretaría de Salud. La unidad de observación fueron los individuos de 12 a 65 años de edad. El tamaño de la muestra se calculó en 15,000 viviendas distribuidas en siete regiones, por lo que la encuesta podrá proporcionar información regional y nacional. La información se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario estandarizado, aplicado durante una entrevista personal de 40 minutos como promedio. Se utilizaron los indicadores que propone la OMS (15), que fueron validados por Medina-Mora y cols. en estudios previos; abarcan las siguientes áreas de estudio: los patrones de consumo, los problemas asociados con el consumo, las actitudes y la disponibilidad percibida, y las variables sociodemográficas. El cuestionario se probó en un estudio piloto en una zona al sur del Distrito Federal, que no estaba dentro de la muestra del estudio, y se entrevistaron 120 sujetos en sus hogares. La Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental se llevó a cabo en una submuestra de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones en los sujetos de 18 a 65 años. El principal objetivo fue el de obtener información acerca de la frecuencia con la que se manifiestan diferentes patologías mentales y la manera como se distribuyen en los distintos subgrupos de la población.
Indicadores psicosociales de motivación del consumo de marihuana y/o cocaína
(2006) García Aurrecoechea, Raúl; Díaz-Guerrero, Rogelio; Reyes-Lagunes, Isabel; Medina Mora, María Elena; Andrade-Palos, Patricia; Reidl Martínez, Lucy María; Departamento de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica, Centros de Integración Juvenil, A.C.; raurre@hotmail.com
Con el fin de identificar indicadores de protección y riesgo del consumo de marihuana y-o cocaína en el contexto de la teoría de la motivación de Maslow, se compararon los significados psicológicos de cinco conceptos clave (familia, amigos, yo, cocaína y marihuana) en jóvenes del sexo masculino, usuarios de marihuana, cocaína y ambas drogas que solicitaron tratamiento y estudiantes no consumidores de drogas. Los resultados mostraron diferencias en la evaluación en los cinco conceptos entre los grupos, encontrándose entre los no usuarios mejores evaluaciones en la familia, los amigos y el yo (en acuerdo con postulado de psicopatogénesis de la teoría psicosocial de la motivación de Maslow), así como peores evaluaciones de las drogas. Como indicadores de protección de la familia, los amigos y el yo, se encuentra la satisfacción de necesidades deficitarias e indicadores que sugieren la activación del circuito de gratificación, mientras que como indicadores de riesgo, sobresalieron componentes negativos incompatibles con los indicadores de protección. Entre los indicadores de riesgo asociados con las sustancias, se identificaron componentes positivos que muestran la activación del circuito de recompensa. Los resultados son congruentes con los factores reportados por la literatura, considerándose importante explorarlos más a fondo, con el fin de identificar necesidades de prevención y tratamiento para cada grupo de usuarios.
Índice de riesgo para el intento suicida en México
(Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 2012) Borges, Guilherme; Orozco, Ricardo; Medina Mora, María Elena; Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz. México DF, México; guibor@imp.edu.mx
Objetivo. Desarrollar un índice de riesgo de los intentos de suicidio en los últimos 12 meses dentro de un grupo de personas con ideación suicida. Material y métodos. Estudio de prevalencia. Se analizaron los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones de 2008. El índice de riesgo estuvo conformado por la edad, estado civil, religión, ocupación, tipo de población, migración a Estados Unidos, consumo de alcohol y drogas, síntomas de depresión, conducta problemática y abuso sexual. Resultados. Se observó un incremento monotónico con el aumento de los factores de riesgo y la ausencia o presencia de un plan y el riesgo, con razones de momios desde 2.07 hasta 152.19. El área bajo la curva fue elevada, con un valor de 0.844, cercano a 1. Conclusión. El uso de este índice puede ayudar a prevenir que los pacientes sigan desarrollando ideación suicida e intento suicida de consecuencias inciertas, incluyendo la muerte.
Mexico's drug policy reform: cutting edge success or crisis in the making?
(Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 2014) Werb, Dan; Medina Mora, María Elena; Beletsky, Leo; Rafful, Claudia; Mackey, Tim; Arredondo, Jaime; Strathdee, Steffanie A.; Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States; BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada; sstrathdee@ucsd.edu
Prevalencia de abuso sexual en estudiantes y su relación con el consumo de drogas
(1998) Ramos Lira, Luciana; Saldívar Hernández, Gabriela; Medina Mora, María Elena; Rojas Guiot, Estela; Villatoro Velázquez, Jorge; Investigadores de la División de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y Sociales. Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría (IMP), México.
Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de abuso sexual en estudiantes de secundaria y preparatoria, hombres y mujeres, de todo el país, así como su relación con el consumo de drogas. Material y métodos. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la Encuesta Nacional de uso de Drogas en la Comunidad Escolar, llevada a cabo en noviembre y diciembre de 1991, en la que fueron encuestados un total de 61 779 alumnos, 51.8 por ciento hombres y 47.1 por ciento mujeres, con una media de edad de 14.4 años. Se utilizó un instrumento autoaplicado, en el que el abuso sexual fue explorado tanto desde la perspectiva de quienes lo han experimentado tanto desde la perspectiva de quienes lo han experimentado -víctimas-, como desde quienes lo han ejercido -agresores. Resultados. La prevalencia de adolescentes víctimas de abuso sexual fue de 4.3 por ciento, y no se enconraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sexos. La prevalencia de agresores fue de 2.5 por ciento; los adolescentes varones habián coercionado sexualmente a otra persona en proporción significativamente mayor que las mujeres. Estas sufrieron el abuso a edades menores en un porcentaje significativamente más alto que los hombres. Asimismo, notificaron una proporción más elevada de abusos por parte de familiares, mientras que los hombres mencionaron principalmente a los amigos como los agresores más frecuentes. Tanto las víctimas como los agresores de ambos sexos, reportaron un cosumo de drogas significativamente mayor que los estudiantes sin estos antecedentes. Conclusiones. Se enfatizan las diferencias en la experiencia de abuso sexual de mujeres y hombres como víctimas y como agresores. En particular, se discute el hecho de que el abuso sexual en varones sea principalmente extrafamiliar, así como el riesgo mayor que tienen las mujeres de ser víctimas de abuso sexual intrafamiliar en edades tempranas. Asimismo, se plantea la necesidad de abordar las consecuencias, en la salud mental, del abuso sexual infantil y adolescente y del consumo de drogas, considerando las particularidades de cada género(AU)
Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: cross-national community study
(ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS, BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 17 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON SW1X 8PG, ENGLAND, 2010) Lee, Sing; Tsang, Adley; Kessler, Ronald C.; Jin, Robert; Sampson, Nancy; Andrade, Laura; Karam, Elie G.; Medina Mora, María Elena; Merikangas, Kathleen; Nakane, Yoshibumi; Popovici, Daniela Georgeta; Posada-Villa, José; Sagar, Rajesh; Wells, J. Elisabeth; Zarkov, Zahari; Petukhova, María; Prince Wales Hosp, Hong Kong Mood Disorders Ctr, 7A,Block E,Staff Quarters, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.; singlee@cuhk.edu.hk
Smoking estimates from around the world: data from the first 17 participating countries in the World Mental Health Survey Consortium
(B M J Publishing Group, British Med Assoc House, Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9JR, England, 2010) Storr, Carla L.; Cheng, Hui; Alonso, Jordi; Angermeyer, Matthias; Bruffaerts, Ronny; De Girolamo, Giovanni; De Graaf, Ron; Gureje, Oye; Karam, Elie G.; Kostyuchenko, Stanislav; Lee, Sing; Lepine, Jean-Pierre; Medina Mora, María Elena; Myer, Landon; Neumark, Yehuda; Posada-Villa, José; Watanabe, Makoto; Wells, J. Elisabeth; Kessler, Ronald C.; Anthony, James C.; Univ Maryland, Sch Nursing, Dept Family & Community Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA; cstor002@son.umaryland.edu
Objective To contribute new multinational findings on basic descriptive features of smoking and cessation, based upon standardised community surveys of adults residing in seven low-income and middle-income countries and 10 higher-income countries from all regions of the world. Methods Data were collected using standardised interviews and community probability sample survey methods conducted as part of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys Initiative. Demographic and socioeconomic correlates of smoking are studied using cross-tabulation and logistic regression approaches. Within-country sample weights were applied with variance estimation appropriate for complex sample survey designs. Results Estimated prevalence of smoking experience (history of ever smoking) and current smoking varied across the countries under study. In all but four countries, one out of every four adults currently smoked. In higher-income countries, estimated proportions of former smokers (those who had quit) were roughly double the corresponding estimates for most low-income and middle-income countries. Characteristics of smokers varied within individual countries, and in relation to the World Bank's low-medium-high gradient of economic development. In stark contrast to a sturdy male-female difference in the uptake of smoking seen in each country, there is no consistent sex-associated pattern in the odds of remaining a smoker (versus quitting). Conclusion The World Mental Health Surveys estimates complement existing global tobacco monitoring efforts. The observed global diversity of associations with smoking and smoking cessation underscore reasons for implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provisions and prompt local adaptation of prevention and control interventions.
The associations between preexisting mental disorders and subsequent onset of chronic headaches: a worldwide epidemiologic perspective
(Official journal of the American Pain Society, 2015) Bruffaerts, Ronny; Demyttenaere, Koen; Kessler, Ronald C.; Tachimori, Hisateru; Bunting, Brendan; Hu, Chiyi; Florescu, Silvia; Haro, Josep Maria; Lim, Carmen C. W.; Kovess-Masfety, Viviane; Levinson, Daphna; Medina Mora, María Elena; Piazza, Marina; Piotrowski, Patryk; Posada-Villa, Jose; Salih Khalaf, Mohammad; Have, Margreet; Xavier, Miguel; Scott, Kate M.; Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Leuven, Belgium; ronny.bruffaerts@med.kuleuven.be
The structure of DSM-IV alcohol dependence in a treatment sample of Mexican and Mexican American men
(1999) Caetano, Raúl; Medina Mora, María Elena; Schafer, John; Marino, María del Carmen; School of Public Health, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas
Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
(2008) Degenhardt, Louisa; Chiu, Wai-Tat; Sampson, Nancy; Kessler, Ronald C.; Anthony, James C.; Angermeyer, Matthias; Bruffaerts, Ronny; De Girolamo, Giovanni; Gureje, Oye; Huang, Yueqin; Karam, Aimee; Kostyuchenko, Stanislav; Lepine, Jean Pierre; Medina Mora, María Elena; Neumark, Yehuda; Ormel, J. Hans; Pinto-Meza, Alejandra; Posada-Villa, José; Stein, Dan J.; Takeshima, Tadashi; Wells, J. Elisabeth; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; l.degenhardt@unsw.edu.au