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Opioids, stimulants, and depressant drugs in fifteen Mexican Cities: A wastewater-based epidemiological study

dc.creatorCruz-Cruz, Copytzyes_ES
dc.creatorYargeau, Vivianees_ES
dc.creatorVidaña-Perez, Desireées_ES
dc.creatorSchilmann, Astrides_ES
dc.creatorAurelio Pineda, Marcoes_ES
dc.creatorLobato, Margaritaes_ES
dc.creatorHernández-Avila, Mauricioes_ES
dc.creatorVillatoro, Jorge A.es_ES
dc.creatorBarrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuhes_ES
dc.date2021
dc.date.accessioned2023-08-29T16:09:34Z
dc.date.available2023-08-29T16:09:34Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.identifierJC18DIEP20es_ES
dc.identifier.issn0955-3959
dc.identifier.urihttp://repositorio.inprf.gob.mx/handle/123456789/7743
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103027
dc.descriptionBackground: Monitoring drug use in México is a challenge due to emerging drugs and rapid changes in consumption patterns. The temporal and geographical patterns of cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, MDMA, cannabis, heroin, ketamine, and fentanyl were examined in Mexican cities using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Methods: 105 daily composite wastewater samples were collected from sewage treatment plants in fifteen Mexican cities. We quantified drug residues using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, and estimated drug use by back-calculation of drug loads. Results: We identified ten drug target residues in at least one sample across cities. Drugs with the highest median levels were cannabis, methamphetamine, and cocaine. The median range of cannabis for one week was between 147 and 20,364 mg/day/1000inhab across cities, whereas methamphetamine ranged between 5 and 3,628 mg/day/1000inhab. Cocaine was found in levels between 2 and 370 mg/day/1000inhab. The highest levels of methamphetamine and amphetamine were observed in the US border cities of Tijuana and San Luis Río Colorado. The presence of heroin, MDMA, ketamine, and fentanyl was stronger during weekends, while cannabis, cocaine, and amphetamine were found throughout the week. Conclusion: This study provides the first report of fentanyl, norfentanyl, and ketamine in wastewater in Mexico. The results indicate an increased presence of drugs on known drug traffic routes, demonstrating that WBE can help identify areas of high drug use and assist governments in developing policies to reduce drug use and harm in the communities.es_ES
dc.formatPDFes_ES
dc.language.isoenges_ES
dc.publisherElsevieres_ES
dc.relation88:103027
dc.rightsAcceso Cerradoes_ES
dc.titleOpioids, stimulants, and depressant drugs in fifteen Mexican Cities: A wastewater-based epidemiological studyes_ES
dc.typeArtículoes_ES
dc.contributor.affiliationCenter for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, México.
dc.contributor.emailviviane.yargeau@mcgill.ca (V. Yargeau), aschilmann@insp.mx (A. Schilmann), marco.pinedacastro@mcgill.ca (M.A. Pineda), margarita. lobato@conagua.gob.mx (M. Lobato), mauricio.hernandeza@imss.gob.mx (M. Hernández-Avila), ameth@imp.edu.mx (J.A. Villatoro), tbarrientos@insp.mx (T. Barrientos-Gutierrez).
dc.relation.jnabreviadoINT J DRUG POLICY
dc.relation.journalInternational Journal of Drug Policy
dc.identifier.placePaíses Bajos
dc.date.published2021
dc.identifier.organizacionInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz
dc.identifier.eissn1873-4758
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103027
dc.subject.kwDrug target residue
dc.subject.kwDrug use
dc.subject.kwFentanyl
dc.subject.kwMexico
dc.subject.kwWastewater-based epidemiology


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