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dc.creatorRojas Guiot, Estela
dc.creatorFleiz Bautista, Clara
dc.creatorVillatoro Velázquez, Jorge
dc.creatorGutiérrez López, María de Lourdes
dc.creatorMedina-Mora Icaza, María Elena
dc.date.accessioned2017-06-30T01:21:45Z
dc.date.available2017-06-30T01:21:45Z
dc.date.issued2009es_ES
dc.identifier1326es_ES
dc.identifier.issn0185-3325es_ES
dc.identifier.urihttp://repositorio.inprf.gob.mx/handle/123456789/6007
dc.description.abstractEl consumo de drogas en México ha ido en aumento. En la década de 1970, el Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría realizó las primeras encuestas de hogares sobre el tema de las adicciones en población de distintas ciudades del país: la Ciudad de México, La Paz, B.C.S.; Mexicali, B.C.; Monterrey, N.L.; San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., y Puebla, Pue, entre otras y ha documentado las tendencias del problema y sus variaciones regionales. A nivel nacional se han realizado en hogares cuatro encuestas en 1988, en 1993, en 1998 y en 2002, denominadas «Encuestas Nacionales de Adicciones». Asimismo se han levantado tres encuestas nacionales sobre drogas entre la población estudiantil, las cuales han dado cuenta de que el consumo de drogas no se ha incrementado de manera uniforme en el país, sino que tanto en las encuestas estudiantiles como entre las de adicciones ha resaltado la zona noroccidental, conformada por estados como Baja California, Sonora y Chihuahua, donde se tienen las mayores cifras de consumo de drogas en la República Mexicana. Las encuestas de adicciones indican que la droga que más ha consumido alguna vez en la vida la población urbana de 12 a 65 años es la mariguana, con los siguientes porcentajes: en 1988, 2.99%; en 1993, 3.32%; en 1998, 4.70%; y en la medición de 2002 disminuyó ligeramente a 3.48%. En 1988, el segundo lugar lo ocupaban los inhalables con 0.76%, pero en las demás mediciones ocupa este lugar la cocaína, con 0.56% en 1993; 1.45% en 1998 y en 2002, 1.23%. En el tercer lugar se encuentran las drogas médicas consumidas sin prescripción desde 1988 hasta 2002. Este artículo presenta una comparación de las prevalencias de uso de drogas en tres ciudades de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones de 1998 con respecto a la Encuesta de ciudades de 2005 de las tres ciudades siguientes: Ciudad Juárez, Monterrey y Tijuana. La Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones de 1998 se realizó en una muestra representativa de la población urbana de todo el país (en localidades de más de 2500 habitantes). En esta encuesta, las 32 entidades del país se dividieron en tres regiones y también se obtuvieron muestras en ciudades fronterizas que fueron: Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez y Matamoros y en tres zonas metropolitanas que fueron: La ciudad de México, Guadalajara y Monterrey. La muestra fue de 12015 entrevistas completas. La encuesta de ciudades de 2005 se realizó en cuatro ciudades que fueron: Querétaro, Monterrey, Ciudad Juárez y Tijuana. Sin embargo, para efectos de este trabajo, solamente se comparan las tres últimas. Las dos encuestas tuvieron como objetivo a la población de 12 a 65 años de edad. En ambas se aplicaron dos cuestionarios: el de hogar con datos socioeconómicos y otro individual, cuyas secciones de consumo de drogas fueron iguales. El muestreo en ambas encuestas fue multietápico, probabilístico y estratificado, y en la última etapa se seleccionó a un individuo de cada hogar con un rango de edad de 12 a 65 años. Se obtuvo una no respuesta de 23% en 1998 y de 20.3% en 2005. Las cifras más elevadas de consumo de drogas —incluidas las drogas ilegales, los inhalables, las drogas médicas fuera de prescripción y excluidos el tabaco y el alcohol— se presentan tanto en la ciudad de Tijuana como en Ciudad Juárez, en contraste con la ciudad de Monterrey, que tiene los porcentajes menores. En lo que se refiere al consumo de drogas en general, se observa una tendencia a aumentar la prevalencia de consumo «alguna vez en la vida» de 1998 a 2005 en las tres ciudades. En los otros dos tipos de prevalencias de uso, las cifras son menores respecto al uso alguna vez en la vida. En el consumo del último año los porcentajes aumentaron de 1998 a 2005, en el caso de Ciudad Juárez de 2.8 a 4.80%; en Monterrey de 1.3 a 2.0%; en Tijuana disminuyó de 5.4 a 4.01%. Respecto al uso «alguna vez» de las drogas médicas, las cifras aumentaron en Tijuana y en Monterrey, mientras que en Ciudad Juárez se mantuvieron iguales de 1998 a 2005. En lo que se refiere al consumo de drogas ilegales, en el uso alguna vez aumentó en las tres ciudades de 1998 a 2005, duplicándose en Monterrey y en Ciudad Juárez, mientras que en el consumo del último año, los porcentajes disminuyeron en Tijuana de 4.4 a 3.25%, y se elevaron tanto en Ciudad Juárez, de 1.6 a 3.98%, como en Monterrey, de 1.3 a 1.52%. En las prevalencias de uso del último mes, los porcentajes aumentaron en Ciudad Juárez de 1.2 a 2.42% y disminuyeron en Tijuana de 3.9 a 2.05% y en Monterrey de 1.1 a 0.23%. En las tres ciudades, el primer lugar de consumo, tanto en 1998 como en 2005, lo ocupa la mariguana, y la cocaína en segundo termino, en tercer lugar están los tranquilizantes en Tijuana y en Monterrey, y los estimulantes en Ciudad Juárez. Por sexo, los varones en las tres entidades prefirieron la mariguana y luego la cocaína. Las mujeres, tanto en Tijuana como en Ciudad Juárez, consumieron en primer lugar la mariguana. En Monterrey ocupan este lugar los estimulantes; el segundo lugar lo tienen los estimulantes en Tijuana, los tranquilizantes en Monterrey y la cocaína en Ciudad Juárezes_ES
dc.language.isospaes_ES
dc.publisherInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, México, D.F. Tel. 4160-5000.es_ES
dc.relation32 (1) 13-19 p.es_ES
dc.relationversión del editores_ES
dc.rightsAcceso Abiertoes_ES
dc.subjectMEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA SALUDes_Es
dc.titleTendencias del consumo de drogas de 1998 a 2005 en tres ciudades de la zona norte de México: Ciudad Juárez, Monterrey y Tijuanaes_ES
dc.title.alternativeTrends of drug use 1998 to 2005 in three cities in the northern zone of Mexico: Ciudad Juarez, Monterrey and Tijuanaes_ES
dc.typeArticlees_ES
dc.contributor.affiliationInvestigadores de tiempo completo del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñizes_ES
dc.contributor.emailfleiz@imp.edu.mxes_ES
dc.relation.jnabreviadoSALUD MENTes_ES
dc.relation.journalSalud Mentales_ES
dc.identifier.placeMéxicoes_ES
dc.date.published2009es_ES
dc.identifier.organizacionInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñizes_ES
dc.description.monthEne-Febes_ES
dc.description.abstractotrodiomaDrug use in Mexico has been on the rise since the 1970s. Nonetheless, this problem has exhibited important variations in the different regions of Mexico. To document these trends, the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente (INP) has performed household surveys on addictions in different Mexican cities. In the 1970s and early 1980s surveys were conducted in the following cities: Mexico City, La Paz, Baja California Sur; Mexicali, Baja California Norte; Monterrey, Nuevo León; San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí; and Puebla, Puebla, among others. The first national survey in urban population was carried out in 1988, and was repeated in 1993 and 1998, while the first national survey to included rural population was conducted in 2002, which is being followed by another study currently in the field. The student population has also been extensively studied, and has been included in three national drug surveys and studies performed in different entities. Antecedents. Results from these surveys show that drug use has not increased in a uniform fashion throughout the Mexican Republic and both student and household surveys have demonstrated higher rates in the northwestern region of the country comprising the states of Baja California, Sonora and Chihuahua, which have exhibited aboveaverage drug use on comparison with the remaining regions of the country. The most frequently consumed drug by the population is marihuana. The 1988 national household survey registered a rising prevalence in use of 2.9% in Mexican population aged 12-65 years of individuals who had used drugs at some time during their lifetime; in 1993 this prevalence increased to 3.32% and in 1998 to 4.70%; while in 2002 the percentage demonstrated a slight decrease to 3.48%. In 1988, the second place in drug preferences of the population was inhalants with a prevalence of drug use at some time during their lifetime of 0.76%; by 1993, the second place was occupied by cocaine. Prevalence of use of the latter was 0.33% in 1988; by 1993, cocaine increased to 0.56% and to 1.45% in 1998, presenting a slight decrease in use in 2002 (1.23%). From 1988-2002 nonprescribed medical drugs consumed were found in the third place in population preference. Objective. This article compared drug use rates observed in three cities on or near Mexico’s northern border with the U. S.: Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua; Tijuana, Baja California Norte, and Monterrey, Nuevo León, were studied as part of the 1998 national survey on addictions by selecting independent representative samples of these localities and with a new survey of these entities in 2005. Method. The 1998 national survey of addictions was carried out in a representative sample of Mexican urban population (in localities of 2500 inhabitants). Independent samples were drawn from inhabitants living in several cities throughout Mexico. In this article we report the drug-use trends for three of these cities (Ciudad Juarez, Monterrey and Tijuana) by comparing the rates observed in 1998 with the results of a new wave of household surveys conducted in 2005 in the same cities using comparable methodology. Samples in both periods included population 12-65 years of age residing in households. Sample design was stratified by means of the following: several stages with localities (Áreas Geoestadísticas Básicas, AGEBS, its acronym in Spanish, census tracts); blocks of houses within the selected localities; segments of houses within sample blocks, and one individual per household as the selection unit in each stage. Sample size in Tijuana was 466 and 553 in 1998 and 2005, respectively, while sample sizes for Ciudad Juarez were 472 in 1998 and 606 in 2005, and for Monterrey this was 637 in 1998 and 675 in 2005, and the non-response rate was 23% in 1998 and 20.3% in 2005. Instruments for obtaining information employed in both time frames considered were similar. Two types of questionnaires were administered: a household questionnaire that included sociodemographic information on all household inhabitants in the sample and their housing conditions and an standardized individual questionnaire administered in a face-to-face interview that collected information on the following: prevalence and use patterns of tobacco, alcohol, five types of illegal drugs (marihuana, cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens, amphetamine-type stimulants and other drugs); four types of medical pharmaceuticals utilized without a prescription (narcotics, stimulants, tranquilizers and sedatives), determining consequences and services utilization. In this article tobacco and alcohol use is not reported. This questionnaire has been extensively tested and used in previous surveys. Interviewers were persons academically prepared in the Social Sciences and trained in the logistics of the several survey stages and extensively supervised during field work. Results. Highest rates of use were observed in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez in contrast with Monterrey, which had lower rates. When use of any drug was considered, an increase in lifetime use from 1998-2005 was observed in all three cities; when use during the past year was contemplated, an increase was observed from 1998-2005 from 2.8- 4.8% in the case of Ciudad Juarez and in Monterrey from 1.3%-2.0%, while these rates for Tijuana decreased from 5.4%-4.01%. Reports of use during the previous month fell in Tijuana from 4.4%-2.81% and in Monterrey this decreased from 1.1%-0.71%, while in Ciudad Juarez drug use rates during the previous month increased from 2.4%-3.24%. It is important to mention that there was no statistical significance in any of the different prevalences types. Lifetime use of medical drugs without prescription increased in Tijuana and in Monterrey, while in Ciudad Juarez this remained stable from 1998-2005. In 2005, use of medical drugs decreased in Ciudad Juarez from 1.2%-0.88% and in Tijuana from 1.3%-1.28%, while in Monterrey no use was detected in 1998, but 0.48% of interviewees did reported drug use in 2005. Previous-month use increased in Tijuana from 0.7%-1.28% and in Monterrey this ranged from no use in 1998 to 0.48% by contrast in Ciudad Juarez previous-month drug use fell from 1.2-0.88%. In referring only to use of any illegal drug (excluding medical pharmaceutical), lifetime use increased in all three cities from 1998-2005; lifetime use doubled in Monterrey and Ciudad Juarez, while use during the previous year decreased in Tijuana from 4.4%-3.25% and increased in Ciudad Juarez from 1.6%-3.98% and in Monterrey from 1.3%-1.52%. Prior-month increased in Ciudad Juarez from 1.2%-2.42%, while this exhibited a decrease in Tijuana from 3.9%-2.05% and in Monterrey from 1.1%-0.23%. Data also indicate that a high proportion of individuals in Monterrey have used only one drug; these percentages rose in the 1998-2005 period from 3.7%-8.96% numbers of the poly-drug users doubled in Tijuana from 4%-8.44% and in Ciudad Juarez from 3.2%- 7.43%; in Tijuana this was due to an increase among males, and in Ciudad Juarez the number of poly-drug users increased in both genders. In all three cities, the drug most commonly used in 1998, as in 2005, was marihuana with cocaine in second place. In Tijuana and Monterrey tranquilizers were in third place, while stimulants occupied third place in Ciudad Juarez. Males in the three entities preferred marihuana and in second place cocaine; in third place, however, Tijuana showed inhalants, while in Monterrey hallucinogens were in third place, as were stimulants in Ciudad Juarez. Among females mariguana remained in first place, and in Monterrey, first place was occupied by stimulants. In terms of second place, stimulants occupied this place in Tijuana, while tranquilizers and cocaine were in second place, in Monterrey and Ciudad Juarez, respectively. The third place is occupied by tranquilizers in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, and by marihuana in Monterrey. As mentioned previously, lifetime prevalence for all drugs increased from 1998-2005 in all three cities, although it is noteworthy that in Ciudad Juarez this increment was twice that for the majority of the drugs. In the case of Tijuana there was a small decrease in the use of sedatives, hallucinogens and heroin, while in Monterrey a decrease was observed only in the use of inhalants and, in the case of Ciudad Juarez, the sole decrease was noted for tranquilizer use during this period. The majority of the interviewees who reported use of the different drugs types were experimenters, that is, these individuals had consumed these drugs on from one to five occasions, although in Tijuana a higher proportion of interviewees reported having used cocaine, inhalants, tranquilizers and stimulants six times or more as compared with the proportion of persons reporting this at the other two sites. The largest increase drug-use rates was observed in the experimental pattern. Conclusions. Ciudad Juarez and Tijuana exhibit higher drug-use rates when compared with Monterrey. Despite that, in the latter entity the proportion of increase was higher, with drug use nearly doubling in proportion to that reported in 1998. This observation coincides with information reported in other surveys with respect to the Mexican northwestern region, which tends to have higher numbers than the other regions in Mexico. The data also confirm that males tend to consume more illegal drugs than females, and that the latter prefer non-prescribed drugs for medical use. It is worrisome that some individuals continue consuming substances after experiencing their effects. In Tijuana and in Ciudad Juarez percentages of individuals reporting six-fold or more times doubled in 2005 as compared to this rate in 1998. In contrast, in Monterrey drug-use rates after experimentation increase to a small degree. This reflects that with problems such as high migration rates, drug use in these Mexican-U.S. border cities is more severe. According to national surveys on addictions, the drug-of preference remains marihuana, with cocaine in second place and stimulants and tranquilizers in third. The data presented reinforce the need for carrying out greater preventive efforts with respect to the phenomenon of drug use at the sites studied.es_ES
dc.subject.kwPrevalencia de consumo de drogases_ES
dc.subject.kwEncuestas en hogareses_ES
dc.subject.kwCiudades mexicanas del nortees_ES
dc.subject.koPrevalence of drug usees_ES
dc.subject.koHousehold surveyses_ES
dc.subject.koNorthern Mexican citieses_ES


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